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• Paper·ETS Research Report Series·29 May 2026

  Alignment of the TOEIC Bridge® Tests With the Educational Functioning Level Descriptors for English as a Second Language

  Mikyung Kim Wolf, Renka Ohta

  This alignment study evaluated how well the TOEIC Bridge tests match the National Reporting System (NRS) educational functioning level descriptors for ESL. Results showed strong content alignment across all test forms, providing validity evidence for using these assessments in adult education programs for accountability purposes. The report details the methodology and offers practical recommendations for effective use.

  Original abstract

  This report presents the findings of an alignment study evaluating the extent to which the TOEIC Bridge® tests reflect the language knowledge, skills, and abilities described in the National Reporting System (NRS) educational functioning level descriptors for English as a second language (ESL). The study was intended to provide critical validity evidence supporting the use of these assessments in adult education programs serving ESL learners, particularly for purposes of NRS accountability. Results indicate strong evidence of content alignment across all test forms examined. The report details the research-based methodology and offers practical recommendations for the effective use of the TOEIC Bridge tests in the NRS. Suggested citation: Wolf, M. K., & Ohta, R. (2026). Alignment of the TOEIC Bridge® tests with the educational functioning level descriptors for English as a second language (Research Memorandum No. RM-26-03). ETS. https://doi.org/10.64634/1n934x31

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