standard-setting
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- PaperETS Research Report Series16 Jun 2026
Mapping TOEIC® Link™ Scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Kathryn Hille, Jonathan Schmidgall, Saerhim Oh, Renka Ohta
A panel of experts mapped TOEIC® Link™ listening and reading scores to CEFR levels using the Bookmark method, and speaking and writing scores using the Expected Task Score method. High agreement and satisfaction with cut scores were reported, with minor post-study adjustments for consistency across ETS assessments.
Original abstract
This study maps TOEIC® Link™ assessment scores to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages based on the judgments of a panel of experts. The Bookmark method was used to map the TOEIC Link assessments containing multiple-choice items (listening and reading), whereas the Expected Task Score method was used to map the assessments containing constructed-response items (speaking and writing). The panelists reported high levels of agreement, comfort with the panelist-recommended cut scores, and satisfaction with the standard setting process. A few small poststudy adjustments were made in the interest of congruence among ETS English proficiency assessments with common items or overlapping task types. Suggested citation: Hille, K., Schmidgall, J., Oh, S., & Ohta, R. (2026). Mapping TOEIC® Link™ scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Research memorandum No. RM-26-04). ETS. https://doi.org/10.64634/4amdns26