reading-comprehension
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- PaperLanguage Testing10 Jun 2026
Beyond Traditional Differential Item Functioning Detection: A Rasch Tree Approach to Evaluating Item Fairness in a Large-Scale German Reading Comprehension Test
Farshad Effatpanah, Olga Kunina-Habenicht, Katharina Antonia Michiko Tremmel, Philipp Sonnleitner
Applied the Rasch tree model to detect differential item functioning in a large-scale German reading comprehension test for fifth graders, analyzing responses from 4,252 students across gender, socioeconomic status, immigration status, and personality. The method identified four splitting nodes with eleven items showing moderate to large DIF without requiring pre-specified groups, revealing how covariate combinations impact test performance.
Original abstract
A key psychometric phenomenon in educational testing is differential item functioning (DIF), which evaluates whether specific test items function differently across subgroups of examinees who have the same level of the underlying (latent) ability. DIF happens when examinees with the same latent trait have different probabilities of correctly responding to a test item, influenced by their subgroup membership. This study aims to illustrate the application of the recursive partitioning Rasch tree model, shortly called the Rasch tree, to examine DIF in a large-scale German reading comprehension test for fifth-grade elementary students across gender, socioeconomic status, immigration status, personality disposition, and the need for cognition. Unlike the conventional DIF detection methods, the Rasch tree does not require a pre-specification of groups for exploring DIF, and continuous covariates can be easily included in the analysis. To investigate DIF of the test, item responses of 4,252 students were analyzed. The Rasch tree analysis generated nine non-predefined nodes, with slightly different patterns of item difficulties. Eleven items were flagged as exhibiting moderate and large DIF in the four splitting nodes. No splits were produced based on the need for cognition. The results indicated that the combination of the covariates impacted students’ test performance.
- PaperELT Journal27 May 2026
The trap of procedural reading in ELT
Mfanukhona Wonderboy Kunene
In English language teaching, learners often read texts primarily to find answers rather than construct meaning, a pattern termed procedural reading. This comment piece explores how repeated comprehension tasks shape this behavior and limit deeper comprehension. It offers practical ways for teachers to rebalance task design to support both exam performance and meaningful engagement.
Original abstract
In many English language teaching classrooms, learners approach reading texts primarily as sources of answers rather than as opportunities to construct meaning. This comment piece describes this pattern as procedural reading: a form of engagement shaped by repeated exposure to comprehension tasks that reward efficient answer location. While such strategies are adaptive in assessment-oriented contexts, they may narrow learners’ conception of reading and limit opportunities for deeper comprehension. Drawing on classroom observations, I explores how common task formats can influence reading behaviour and reader orientation. I then outline practical ways for teachers to rebalance task design to support both exam performance and meaningful engagement with texts. The aim is not to reject efficiency, but to restore balance between answer-focused and meaning-focused reading.