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- PaperBritish Journal of Educational Technology7 May 2026
Beyond MOOCs : How technical and structural factors shape learner engagement, retention and inclusivity across online learning platforms
Rotimi Ogunsakin, Deborah Okonu, Paschal Nwokeocha
Using a novel mixed-methods approach (2TS) on over 226,000 user reviews from six major online learning platforms, the study identifies key technical and structural factors—including interface design, payment barriers, and regional access restrictions—that significantly impact learner engagement, retention, and inclusivity. Findings reveal that technical instability, unclear pricing, and limited offline functionality disproportionately disadvantage learners in low-resource settings, undermining the goal of equitable access. The research offers practical recommendations for platform designers and policymakers to enhance usability, transparency, and inclusivity in digital learning environments.
Original abstract
This study examines the critical influence of technical and structural factors—such as interface design, technical performance, payment barriers, certification access, pricing models and accessibility constraints—on learner Engagement, Retention and Inclusivity (ERI) in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and other large‐scale online learning platforms. Employing a novel mixed‐methods analytical method termed 2TS (Topic Modelling, Sentiment Classification, Systematic Keyword Selection and Thematic Analysis), we analysed over 226,000 user reviews from six globally recognised online learning platforms, including traditional MOOC providers and other large‐scale digital learning systems: Coursera, edX, Udemy, Alison, uLesson and Khan Academy. Our findings suggest that technical instability, limited offline functionalities and unclear pricing structures have a negative impact on learner engagement and retention. Furthermore, regional payment restrictions and ambiguous subscription terms disproportionately disadvantage learners in low‐resource settings, significantly undermining the inclusivity of online learning platforms. The research highlights how carefully structured platform design and robust technical infrastructure have a significant influence on digital learning outcomes. Practical implications underscore the need for platform providers to enhance platform usability, promote transparent pricing and adopt inclusive technological solutions, particularly to ensure equitable access and engagement among diverse global audiences. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic MOOCs have significantly expanded access to education globally, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Prior research on MOOCs has primarily focused on pedagogical design, course content and learner motivation. Technical performance and user interface (UI) design are recognised as important but underexplored among factors in influencing learner satisfaction and retention. Pricing models and digital access barriers are known to disproportionately affect learners in low‐resource settings or non‐Western contexts. What this paper adds Offers large‐scale, cross‐platform analysis of over 226,000 user reviews using a novel mixed‐methods approach (2TS: Topic modelling, Sentiment classification, Systematic keyword selection and Thematic analysis). Identifies four global themes related to UI design and technical performance that directly influence learner engagement and retention. Reveals how opaque payment systems, app instability and regional access restrictions undermine trust and inclusivity. Demonstrates that mobile usability, offline access and language accessibility are critical enablers (or barriers) of equitable MOOC participation. Introduces evidence that even platforms perceived as reputable (e.g. Coursera, edX) exhibit technical and structural issues that deter learners. Implications for practice and/or policy MOOC designers should prioritise user‐centred UI/UX design, especially for mobile interfaces, to improve navigability, reduce frustration and enhance retention. Technical teams should invest in backend performance optimisation and robust offline capabilities to support learners in low‐connectivity regions. Platform administrators must ensure transparent pricing, flexible and region‐sensitive payment options, along with transparent certification processes to build trust. Policymakers and funders should advocate for multilingual support, regional content localisation and device‐inclusive design to promote educational equity. Customer support systems must be responsive and learner‐focused to prevent minor technical or billing issues from escalating into significant dropout risks.