self-regulated-learning
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- PaperSystemForthcoming · 1 Aug 2026
Multilingual identity and English achievement: A moderated mediation model of self-regulated learning strategy use and gender among Chinese EFL learners
Qingyao Dan, Karen Forbes, Barry Bai, Sihan Zhou
Investigates how multilingual identity relates to English achievement through self-regulated learning strategy use, moderated by gender, among Chinese EFL learners.
- PaperReCALL13 Jul 2026
Fostering generative AI-supported self-regulated learning (GenAI-SRL) in informal digital language learning through literacy and interactions: A two-stage PLS-SEM-ANN approach
Xiaoqi Wang, Lawrence Jun Zhang
A study of 343 Chinese university foreign language learners used PLS-SEM and ANN to examine how GenAI literacy and interactions influence self-regulated learning (SRL) in informal digital language learning. Awareness and evaluation dimensions of GenAI literacy predicted GenAI-SRL, while usage and ethics did not. Student–student, student–teacher, and student–GenAI interactions facilitated GenAI-SRL, with student–student interaction as the strongest predictor, and awareness and evaluation partially mediated the effects of student–student and student–teacher interactions.
Original abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) enables foreign language learners to extend their learning beyond formal instruction and develop their autonomy. However, research has not adequately examined how learners regulate their learning with GenAI or how their GenAI literacy and multiple types of interactions influence their self-regulated learning (SRL) in GenAI-supported informal digital language learning settings. We address this gap by analyzing data from 343 Chinese university foreign language learners through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). PLS-SEM showed that awareness and evaluation significantly predicted GenAI-supported SRL (GenAI-SRL), whereas usage and ethics did not. Student–student, student–teacher, and student–GenAI interactions emerged as facilitators of GenAI-SRL. These three interaction types also significantly influenced most GenAI literacy dimensions, with three of them predicting awareness, usage, and evaluation, while only student–student and student–GenAI interactions significantly predicted ethics. Mediation analysis demonstrated that awareness and evaluation partially mediated the effects of student–student and student–teacher interactions on GenAI-SRL. The mediating pathways through student–GenAI interaction were not significant. ANN models identified student–student interaction as the strongest predictor of GenAI-SRL. These findings inform GenAI literacy development and the design of systems to support GenAI-SRL in informal learning contexts.
- PaperLanguage Teaching Research9 Jul 2026
Enhancing English-as-a-Foreign-Language Speaking Performance through Self-Regulated Strategy Instruction: Evidence from Chinese University Learners
Yawen Wang, Peijian Paul Sun
Self-regulated strategy-based speaking instruction significantly improved English-as-a-foreign-language learners' speaking performance compared to traditional instruction, with gains sustained at delayed testing. Learners also increased their use of self-regulated learning strategies, especially those with lower initial proficiency. These findings highlight the value of integrating explicit strategy instruction into speaking curricula.
Original abstract
The present study investigated the effects of self-regulated strategy-based speaking instruction on English-as-a-foreign-language learners’ speaking performance and strategy use. Despite extensive research on self-regulated learning in various educational contexts, its application to second language speaking development remains underexplored. This explanatory mixed-methods quasi-experimental study employed self-report questionnaires, speaking assessments, and semi-structured interviews for data collection. A linear mixed-effects model results revealed that the experimental group ( n = 54, receiving the self-regulated learning strategy-based intervention) demonstrated significantly greater improvement in speaking performance compared to the control group ( n = 53, receiving traditional instruction), with effects sustained at delayed post-testing. Quantitative analyses further indicated significant increases in participants’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. Qualitative findings corroborated these results, revealing more frequent, deliberate, and sophisticated strategy application among intervention participants. Interview data also suggested differential intervention effects based on learners’ initial speaking proficiency levels. These findings underscore the efficacy of explicitly integrating self-regulated learning strategies into speaking instruction to enhance learner autonomy and speaking performance in English-as-a-foreign-language contexts.
- PaperReCALL7 Jul 2026
WeChat-based collaborative self-regulated learning program: Exploring self-regulated learning strategy use, writing performance, and learning behaviors
Fan Su, Ying Zhao, Di Zou, Biyun Huang
This study compared individual and collaborative self-regulated learning (SRLL) contexts using WeChat for university EFL learners' writing. The collaborative group showed higher overall SRLL strategy use (except motivational), better writing performance, and distinctive behaviors like time monitoring and feedback awareness. Findings suggest integrating individual and collaborative modes to support self-, co-, and socially shared regulation.
Original abstract
In technology-enhanced language learning (TELL), self-regulated language learning (SRLL) strategies are essential for supporting English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ writing development. As collaborative learning becomes increasingly prominent in TELL, SRLL has expanded from individual regulation to collaborative contexts. However, limited research has compared how individual and collaborative SRLL contexts influence learners’ strategy use, writing performance, and learning behaviors. To address this gap, this study used WeChat as a mobile learning platform to compare university-level EFL learners’ SRLL strategy use, writing performance, and behavioral patterns in individual and collaborative self-regulated writing programs. Two intact classes were assigned to either a WeChat-based individual group (WIG) or a WeChat-based collaborative group (WCG). The collected data included SRLL strategy use questionnaire, writing scores, and WeChat learning logs. Results showed that the collaborative context promoted learners’ overall, cognitive, metacognitive, and behavioral SRLL strategy use, although no significant difference was found in motivational strategy use. The WCG also achieved higher writing performance and showed distinctive regulatory behaviors related to time monitoring and feedback awareness. These findings suggest that SRLL is a dynamic and cyclical process shaped by task demands, technological affordances, and social interaction. They also highlight the value of integrating individual and collaborative learning modes to support learners’ movement between self-regulation, co-regulation, and socially shared regulation.
- PaperLanguage Teaching Research4 Jul 2026
Understanding Chinese English-as-a-Foreign-Language Learners’ Self-Regulated Learning: Insights from Q Methodology
Ziqian Lin, Zhijie Wang, Bin Shen
Using Q methodology and interviews, this study identified five distinct self-regulated learning patterns among Chinese EFL learners: introspective, proactive, insecure, flexible, and dysfunctional. Internal factors (self-efficacy, mindsets, proficiency) and external factors (prior experiences, learning environments) underlying these patterns were explored. Findings provide theoretical and practical implications for supporting diverse self-regulated learners in EFL contexts.
Original abstract
From a social cognitive perspective, self-regulated learning is essentially and increasingly recognized as a complex and dynamic experience. The use of self-regulated learning strategies is also inherently subjective, shaped by individuals’ experiences, beliefs, learning styles, and environmental influences. Although existing research has explored self-regulated learning via a complex dynamic system theory lens, relevant studies that depart from a learner’s point of view and elucidate complexity and subjectivity in their understanding of self-regulated learning strategy use remain limited. Researching the complexity of self-regulated learning in second language acquisition aids in fostering a supportive and inclusive language learning environment. Hence, this study aimed to identify, depict, and compare divergent opinions regarding self-regulated learning strategy use among Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language learners using Q methodology and semi-structured interviews. Thirty learners of English as a foreign language participated in Q-sorting, ranking 50 self-regulated learning-related statements on a grid from “-4” (strongly disagree) to “+4” (strongly agree). The data were analyzed using principal component analysis and varimax rotation in KenQ Analysis Desktop Edition to identify self-regulated learning patterns. Interviews provided additional insights. The study identified five distinct self-regulated learning patterns in English-as-a-foreign-language learning: (F1) introspective self-regulated learning; (F2) proactive self-regulated learning; (F3) insecure self-regulated learning; (F4) flexible self-regulated learning; and (F5) dysfunctional self-regulated learning. The study also explored internal factors (e.g., self-efficacy, mindsets, proficiency) and external factors (e.g., prior experiences, learning environments) underlying these emerging patterns. The findings proffer both theoretical and practical implications for understanding and supporting diverse self-regulated learners in English-as-a-foreign-language contexts.