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- PaperETS Research Report Series16 Jun 2026
Mapping TOEIC® Link™ Scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Kathryn Hille, Jonathan Schmidgall, Saerhim Oh, Renka Ohta
A panel of experts mapped TOEIC® Link™ listening and reading scores to CEFR levels using the Bookmark method, and speaking and writing scores using the Expected Task Score method. High agreement and satisfaction with cut scores were reported, with minor post-study adjustments for consistency across ETS assessments.
Original abstract
This study maps TOEIC® Link™ assessment scores to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages based on the judgments of a panel of experts. The Bookmark method was used to map the TOEIC Link assessments containing multiple-choice items (listening and reading), whereas the Expected Task Score method was used to map the assessments containing constructed-response items (speaking and writing). The panelists reported high levels of agreement, comfort with the panelist-recommended cut scores, and satisfaction with the standard setting process. A few small poststudy adjustments were made in the interest of congruence among ETS English proficiency assessments with common items or overlapping task types. Suggested citation: Hille, K., Schmidgall, J., Oh, S., & Ohta, R. (2026). Mapping TOEIC® Link™ scores to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Research memorandum No. RM-26-04). ETS. https://doi.org/10.64634/4amdns26
- PaperETS Research Report Series4 Apr 2026
TOEIC® Link™ Assessments Technical Manual
Jaime Cid, Jonathan Schmidgall, Elizabeth Park
This technical manual from ETS describes the design, development, and validation of the TOEIC Link assessments for listening, reading, speaking, and writing. It outlines the constructs, tasks, and methodologies used to ensure reliability and validity, with updates planned as the test evolves. The manual serves as a guide for test users and stakeholders.
Original abstract
This technical manual provides a comprehensive overview of the TOEIC® Link™ assessments, offering detailed insights into their purpose, design, and intended users. The manual begins with an introduction that outlines the assessment objectives and target audience. Subsequent sections delve into the specific constructs and tasks of the four TOEIC Link assessments: Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing. The remaining sections examine the design and development processes for both the listening and reading, as well as the speaking and writing assessments, highlighting methodologies used to ensure validity and reliability. Together, these sections present a thorough guide for test users and stakeholders seeking to understand the TOEIC Link assessments and their application in measuring English language proficiency. Designed as a living document, this manual will be updated as the test’s design, administration, scoring, and evidence of measurement quality (including reliability, validity, and fairness) evolve, along with its intended uses. Suggested citation: Cid, J., Schmidgall, J., & Park, E. (2026). TOEIC® Link™ assessments technical manual (Research Report No. RR-26-04). ETS. https://doi.org/10.64634/7e2pzg04